feat(v1): structured camera config and RTSP url builder

Config accepts structured host/port/channel/username/password (or the
existing rtsp_url_env) and builds the RTSP URL with RFC 3986 percent-
encoded credentials, so passwords containing @/:/ no longer break parsing.
Credentials are excluded from config_version; a guard test keeps the
public example credential-free. probe_stream does a bounded connection
test. 59 tests pass.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>

docs/api.md

@@ -32,8 +32,10 @@
 }
 ```
 
-- `rtsp_url_env` 必填；应用从同名环境变量读取真实 URL。
+- 来源二选一：`rtsp_url_env`（从同名环境变量读取真实 URL）**或**结构化字段 `host`/`port`(默认 554)/`channel`(默认 `101`，`102` 为子码流)/`username`/`password`；两者都会在内存中解析出 RTSP URL。结构化凭证只允许出现在**未跟踪的** `config.local.json`；公开示例 `config.example.json` 只能用 `rtsp_url_env`，禁止任何 `host`/`username`/`password`/完整 URL（有测试守卫）。
+- 结构化模式下应用用 `build_rtsp_url` 拼接，并对用户名/密码做 RFC 3986 百分号编码，因此密码含 `@`、`:`、`/` 也不会破坏 URL 解析。
 - `source.mode` 显式声明来源类型，取值 `stream`（默认，实时 RTSP，允许有界重连）或 `replay`（本地录像，EOF 不重放）；由配置决定，不再按 URL 前缀猜测。
+- 凭证（`host`/`username`/`password`/解析出的 URL）绝不进入 `runtime_config_version`、事件 JSONL、日志或截图文件名。
 - `model.confidence_threshold` 是模型检测置信度，可在设置草稿中调整，并在下次开始监控时经 `PoseAdapter.set_confidence_threshold` 真正生效。
 - 数值是待现场录像校准的默认值；每个值必须真正进入事件逻辑：`keypoint_confidence_threshold` 决定姿态质量门槛；`suspect_window_seconds` 限制快速下移到水平姿态的最大间隔；`confirm_window_seconds` 是水平倒地候选需持续的确认时间；`recovery_window_seconds` 是恢复姿态需持续的时间；`cooldown_seconds` 是确认事件后允许开始恢复判断前的最短等待时间。示例中的全零 SHA-256 只占位配置形状，T-103 必须以受控模型的真实哈希替换并验证后才能启动推理。
 - 缺少环境变量、模型不存在或哈希不符时，应用显示配置错误，不启动监控。

v1/camera.py

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+"""RTSP URL building and a bounded connection probe for camera setup.
+
+Kept Qt-free so URL construction (including credential percent-encoding) and the
+connection test are unit-testable without a display or a real camera. Credentials
+are only ever held in memory here; callers must not log or persist the built URL.
+"""
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Optional
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from v1.config import build_rtsp_url  # re-exported for the settings UI
+from v1.video_source import SourceMode, SourceStatus, VideoSource
+
+__all__ = ["build_rtsp_url", "ProbeResult", "probe_stream"]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ProbeResult:
+    ok: bool
+    message: str
+    frame: Optional[np.ndarray]
+
+
+def probe_stream(
+    url: str,
+    attempts: int = 15,
+    capture_factory=None,
+) -> ProbeResult:
+    """Try to open the stream and grab one frame; never raise on a bad source.
+
+    Returns a decoded frame on success so the caller can show a preview. The
+    message is safe to display: it never contains the URL or credentials.
+    """
+
+    source = VideoSource(
+        url,
+        SourceMode.STREAM,
+        retry_initial_seconds=0.1,
+        retry_max_seconds=0.2,
+        capture_factory=capture_factory,
+    )
+    last_error = None
+    try:
+        for _ in range(max(1, attempts)):
+            packet = source.read()
+            if packet.image is not None:
+                height, width = packet.image.shape[:2]
+                return ProbeResult(True, "连接成功 {0}x{1}".format(width, height), packet.image)
+            if packet.error:
+                last_error = packet.error
+            if packet.status is SourceStatus.ERROR:
+                return ProbeResult(False, "连接失败：{0}".format(last_error or "无法打开来源"), None)
+        return ProbeResult(False, "连接超时，未获取到画面", None)
+    finally:
+        source.close()

v1/config.py

@@ -7,12 +7,38 @@ import re
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any, Dict
+from urllib.parse import quote
 
 
 class ConfigError(ValueError):
     """Raised when a configuration file cannot safely start V1."""
 
 
+# Hikvision RTSP path: channel "101" = channel 1 main stream, "102" = sub stream.
+_HIK_PATH = "/Streaming/Channels/{0}"
+
+
+def build_rtsp_url(
+    host: str,
+    port: int,
+    username: str,
+    password: str,
+    channel: str = "101",
+    path_template: str = _HIK_PATH,
+) -> str:
+    """Build an RTSP URL, percent-encoding credentials per RFC 3986.
+
+    Encoding the username and password means special characters such as ``@``,
+    ``:`` and ``/`` in a password no longer break URL parsing. The returned URL
+    holds credentials and must never be logged or persisted.
+    """
+
+    user = quote(str(username), safe="")
+    secret = quote(str(password), safe="")
+    path = path_template.format(quote(str(channel), safe=""))
+    return "rtsp://{0}:{1}@{2}:{3}{4}".format(user, secret, host, int(port), path)
+
+
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class EventConfig:
     keypoint_confidence_threshold: float
@@ -106,7 +132,20 @@ def load_config(path: Path) -> AppConfig:
     root = _mapping(raw, "config")
     source = _mapping(root.get("source"), "source")
     if "url" in source or "rtsp_url" in source:
-        raise ConfigError("source must define rtsp_url_env, not an embedded address")
+        raise ConfigError("source must define structured host fields or rtsp_url_env, not a full URL")
+
+    if "host" in source:
+        host = _text(source.get("host"), "source.host")
+        port = int(_number(source.get("port", 554), "source.port", 1.0, 65535.0))
+        channel = str(source.get("channel", "101")).strip()
+        if not channel:
+            raise ConfigError("source.channel must be a non-empty value")
+        username = _text(source.get("username"), "source.username")
+        password = source.get("password")
+        if not isinstance(password, str) or password == "":
+            raise ConfigError("source.password must be a non-empty string")
+        source_url = build_rtsp_url(host, port, username, password, channel)
+    else:
         environment_name = _text(source.get("rtsp_url_env"), "source.rtsp_url_env")
         if not _ENVIRONMENT_NAME.match(environment_name):
             raise ConfigError("source.rtsp_url_env must be an environment variable name")

v1/tests/test_camera.py

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import numpy as np
+
+from v1.camera import build_rtsp_url, probe_stream
+
+
+class _FakeCapture:
+    def __init__(self, frames):
+        self._frames = list(frames) if frames is not None else None
+
+    def isOpened(self):
+        return self._frames is not None
+
+    def read(self):
+        if self._frames:
+            return True, self._frames.pop(0)
+        return False, None
+
+    def release(self):
+        pass
+
+
+def test_build_rtsp_url_percent_encodes_special_characters_in_password():
+    # Example TEST-NET address and a synthetic password (never a real credential).
+    url = build_rtsp_url("192.0.2.10", 554, "admin", "p@ss/w:d", "102")
+
+    assert url == "rtsp://admin:p%40ss%2Fw%3Ad@192.0.2.10:554/Streaming/Channels/102"
+
+
+def test_build_rtsp_url_defaults_to_main_channel():
+    url = build_rtsp_url("192.0.2.10", 554, "admin", "secret")
+
+    assert url.endswith("/Streaming/Channels/101")
+
+
+def test_probe_stream_returns_a_frame_on_success():
+    frame = np.zeros((480, 640, 3), dtype=np.uint8)
+
+    result = probe_stream("rtsp://x", capture_factory=lambda _u: _FakeCapture([frame]))
+
+    assert result.ok is True
+    assert "640x480" in result.message
+    assert result.frame is not None
+
+
+def test_probe_stream_reports_failure_without_raising():
+    result = probe_stream("rtsp://x", attempts=3, capture_factory=lambda _u: _FakeCapture(None))
+
+    assert result.ok is False
+    assert result.frame is None

v1/tests/test_config.py

@@ -56,6 +56,68 @@ def test_load_config_rejects_embedded_source_address(tmp_path):
         load_config(config_file)
 
 
+def test_structured_source_builds_percent_encoded_rtsp_url(tmp_path):
+    config_file = tmp_path / "config.json"
+    _write_config(
+        config_file,
+        {
+            "id": "hik-ipcamera-101",
+            "host": "192.0.2.10",
+            "port": 554,
+            "channel": "102",
+            "username": "admin",
+            "password": "p@ss/w:d",
+        },
+    )
+
+    config = load_config(config_file)
+
+    assert config.source_url == "rtsp://admin:p%40ss%2Fw%3Ad@192.0.2.10:554/Streaming/Channels/102"
+    assert config.source_id == "hik-ipcamera-101"
+    assert config.source_mode == "stream"
+
+
+def test_structured_source_requires_password(tmp_path):
+    config_file = tmp_path / "config.json"
+    _write_config(
+        config_file,
+        {"id": "hik-ipcamera-101", "host": "192.0.2.10", "username": "admin"},
+    )
+
+    with pytest.raises(ConfigError, match="password"):
+        load_config(config_file)
+
+
+def test_structured_credentials_are_excluded_from_config_version(tmp_path):
+    first_file = tmp_path / "a.json"
+    second_file = tmp_path / "b.json"
+    _write_config(
+        first_file,
+        {"id": "hik-101", "host": "192.0.2.10", "username": "admin", "password": "secret-a"},
+    )
+    _write_config(
+        second_file,
+        {"id": "hik-101", "host": "192.0.2.20", "username": "operator", "password": "secret-b"},
+    )
+
+    first = load_config(first_file)
+    second = load_config(second_file)
+
+    assert first.source_url != second.source_url
+    assert first.runtime_config_version == second.runtime_config_version
+
+
+def test_public_example_config_has_no_embedded_credentials():
+    from pathlib import Path
+
+    example = json.loads(Path("v1/config.example.json").read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
+    source = example["source"]
+
+    for forbidden in ("host", "username", "password", "url", "rtsp_url"):
+        assert forbidden not in source
+    assert "rtsp_url_env" in source
+
+
 def test_source_mode_defaults_to_stream(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
     config_file = tmp_path / "config.json"
     _write_config(